PETROLEUM QUIZES

1. Petroleum can be classified as mixture of ….
a. hydrocarbon
b. aliphatic hydrocarbon
c. aromatic hydrocarbon
d. aliphatic and alisiclic hydrocarbon
e. aliphatic ans aromatic hydrocarbon

2. Crude oil is separated into different fractions with different boiling points and composition by fractional distillation. The wrong answer about these fractions is ….
a. Gas C1 – C5, gas cookers
b. Gasoline, C5–C10, combustion engines
c. Kerosene, C11 – C14 roofing
d. light gas-oil, C13 – C17,diesel engines
e. heavy gas-oil, C18 – C25, lubricants

3. Fraction distillation of a sample of cruide oil produce the fraction . The boiling point of the fraction are given below. Which fraction has the biggest molecules with approximate boling points (oC) below?
a. 20oC - 40oC
b. 40oC – 120oC
c. 120oC – 160oC
d. 160oC – 250oC
e. Above 250oC

4. Fractional distillation can be used to separate crude into kerosene, diesel oil, lubricating oil and petrol. What is the correct order of their boiling points ?
Lowest boiling point --> Highest boiling point
a. Lubricating oil, Kerosene, Diesel, Lubricating oil
b. Kerosene, Diesel, Lubricating oil, Petrol
c. Diesel, Kerosene, Lubricating oil, Petrol
d. Lubricating oil, Kerosene, Petrol, Petrol
e. Kerosene, Diesel, Petrol, Lubricating oil

5. Which of the following petroleum fraction is correctly matched to its use ?
a. Bitumen, as feedstock for chemical industry
b. Naptha, for making road
c. Lubricating oil, for making polishes and waxes
d. Diesel oil, as jet fuel
e. LNG, for making plastic

6. Natural gas is mainly … with smaller amounts of the other gaseous alkanes.
a. methane
b. ethane
c. propane
d. butane
e. pentane

7. At which location in the distillation column will petroleum gas, C1 - C4 hydrocarbons, be most likely to be collected?
First Column - Fraction A
Second Column - Fraction B
Third Column - Fraction C
Forth Column - Fraction D
Fifth Column - Fraction E
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e, E

8. The hydrocarbons found in LPG contain … carbon atoms per molecule.
a. 1-2
b. 3-4
c. 5-12
d. 13-18
e. 17

9. Gasoline hydrocarbons contain … carbon atoms per molecule.
a. 1-2
b. 3-4
c. 5-12
d. 13-18
e. 17

10. The substance contains in the gasoline that has a high value of combustion is ....
a. heptanes
b. isoheptane
c. isooctane
d. octane
e. 2-methylheptane

11. The formulae of isooctane is ....
a. (CH3)2(CH2)6
b. (CH3)2CH(CH2)5
c. (CH3)3CCH2CH(CH3)2
d. (CH3)3C(CH2)3CH3
e. (CH3)3CCH2CH(CH3)2

12. For a gasoline to function properly in an engine, it should not begin to burn before it is ignited by the spark plug. If it does, it gives engine “knock.” The antiknock characteristics of a gasoline are rated by the octane-number scale. This scale is based on ….
a. heptane, given an octane number of 0
b. heptane, given an octane number of 100
c. 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, given an octane number of 0
d. 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, given an octane number of 100
e. heptane with the octane no. of 0 and isooctane with the octane no. of 100

13. The octane number of pure gasoline is 80%. The meaning of this percentage is the fuel contains ....
a. octane : heptane = 4 : 2
b. 80% octane and 20% heptane
c. 80 % heptane and 20% octane
d. 100% long chain hydrocarbon
e. 80% octane

14. The gasoline which has the octane number more than 92 is (are) ….
(1) premix (2) pertamax (3) pertamax plus
a. (1)
b. (2)
c. (3)
d. (1) and (2)
e. (2) and (3)

15. Recently, tetraethyllead doesn’t use for anti-knocking, because it ….
a. contains Pb
b. caused air pollution
c. doesn’t work properly
d. reacts with gasoline
e. consists of molecules

16. MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether) is used for ....
a. anti-knocking
b. improving gasoline
c. increasing the energy of gasoline
d. fuel's additive agent
e. removing TEL

17. Petroleum is separated by distillation into fractions such as gasoline and kerosene. These fractions are usually processed further—for example, to obtain a greater quantity of gasoline with the desired fuel characteristics. This processing is called ….
a. refining
b. solubility
c. filtration
d. evaporation
e. coagulation

18. One of the equations below is the cracking reaction. The correct answer is ….
a. C17H36 --> C8H18 + CH3CH=CH2 + 3CH2=CH2
b. C17H36 + 26 O2 --> 17 CO2 + 18 H2O
c. C8H16 + H2 --> C8H18
d. C8H16 + Br2 --> C8H16Br2
e. C8H16 + HCl --> C8H17Cl

19. Catalytic cracking of C16H34 will produce ….
a. octene and octane
b. octane only
c. octene only
d. benzene and decane
e. hexane and decane

20. Plastics are chemicals which are made from ....
a. fuel
b. benzene
c. gasoline
d. alkene
e. hydrocarbons

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HYDROCARBON QUIZES Part III

CHEMICAL REACTION


1. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons and therefore, are generally ….
a. reactive
b. unreactive
c. quite reactive
d. more reactive than alkenes
e. less reactive than alkenes

2. The balanced equation for the combustion of pentane is ….
a. C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
b. C5H12 + 8 O2 → 5 CO2 + 6 H2O
c. 2 C3H8 + O2 → 3 CH4 + 2 H2O
d. 2 C5H12 + 2 O2 → 10 CH4 + 2 H2O
e. 4 C5H12 + 2 O2 → 20 CH4 + 4 H2O

3. The reaction of alkanes with halogens is called ….
a. addition
b. substitution
c. oxidation
d. combustion
e. hydrogenation

4. What is the major product obtained from the monobromination of 2-methylbutane in the presence of light at room temperature?
a. 1-bromo-2-methylbutane
b. 2-bromo-2-methylbutane
c. 2-bromo-3-methylbutane
d. 3-bromo-2-methylbutane
e. 1-bromo-3-methylbutane

5. Alkanes react with the halogens via free-radical substitution reaction in the presence of sunlight. When methane reacts with chlorine in sunlight, so ….
a. a chain reaction is may not be occurred
b. a carbon tetrachloride is the main product
c. one or more chlorine atoms may replease hydrogen atoms
d. the products do not depend on the amounts of halogen and alkane
e. the yellowish-green colour of Cl2 fades and HCl(g) can be detected

6. The product of the hydrogenation of 2-butene is ….
a. n-butane
b. butane
c. 2-butane
d. 2-butene
e. 2-methylpropane

7. With which of the following would you expect to observe a color change when it was mixed with bromine water?
a. n-butane
b. 2-butene
c. 2-methylpropane
d. 2-methylbutane
e. Cyclobutane

8. The addition of Br2 to an alkene occurs so readily that bromine dissolved in carbon tetrachloride, CCl4. It is a useful reagent to test for unsaturation. When a few drops of the solution are added to an alkene, so ….
a. the bromine immediately react
b. the color of bromine changes
c. the reaction occurs suddently
d. the redbrown color of the bromine changes
e. the redbrown color of the bromine is immediately lost

9. The correct statement about the Markownikoff’s rule is ….
a. the richer gets rich
b. there is only one product formed
c. HBr is a symmetrical reagents
d. H2O could not be added to alkenes
e. H atom of HCl attacts C atom of C = C

10. The main product when HBr adds to 1-butene is ….
a. 2-butene
b. n-butane
c. 1-bromobutene
d. 1-bromobutane
e. 2-bromobutane

11. The addition of HCl to 2-methyl-2-butene follows Markovnikov's Rule. The product is
a. 2,3-dichloro-2-methylbutane
b. 2-chloro-2-methylbutane
c. 3-chloro-2-methylbutane
d. 1-chloro-2-methylbutane
e. 2-chlorobutane

12. If an excess of HCl is added to CH3C≡CH, the product is ….
a. propene
b. propane
c. 1-chloropropene
d. 1,1-dichloropropane
e. 2,2-dichloropropane

13. The reaction between CH2CHCH3 and H2O(g) will produce ….
a. Propene
b. propane
c. 1-propanol
d. 2-propanol
e. 1,2-propanediol

14. Ethene undergoes addition polymerization to give ….
a. ethane
b. butane
c. micromolecules
d. polyethene
e. polyethane

15. If 1-pronanol is added by sulfuric acid at 180ºC, the main product is ….
a. propane
b. propune
c. propene
d. 2-propanol
e. Propilsulphate

16. Butylbromide reacts with potassium hydroxide in alcohol. The main product is …
a. 1-chlorobutane
b. 2-chlorobutane
c. 1-chlorobutane
d. butane
e. butane

17. Which of the following could be dehydrohalogenated to give 2-butyne?
a. 2,2,3,3-tetrabromobutane
b. 2,2-dibromobutane
c. 1,4-dibromobutane
d. 1,2,3,4-tetrabromobutane

HYDROCARBON QUIZES Part II

ISOMERS


1. Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different ….
a. molecular mass
b. structural formula.
c. number of atoms
d. empirical formula
e. atomic structures

2. Butane and isobutane are structural isomers, compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. Because these isomers have different structures, they have different ….
a. mass
b. volume
c. boiling point
d. molecular mass relative
e. mass’ percentage of elements

3. The following pairs which isomers are ..
a. n-heptane and cycloheptane
b. 2-methylpentane and n-pentane
c. 3-ethylpentane and 3-ethylheptane
d. 3-ethylpentane and 2-methyl heptane
e. 3-methylpentane and3-methylbutane

4. How many structural isomers does pentane have?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
e. 6

5. The isomer of pentane is ….
a. C(CH3)4
b. CH3 – (CH2)2 – CH3
c. CH(CH3)2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
d. CH3 – CH2 – (CH3) – CH3
e. CH3 – (CH2)3 – CH(CH3)2

6. The following compounds are isomers of hexane, except ….
a. 3-methyl pentane
b. 2,2 – dimethyl propane
c. 2,3 – dimethyl butane
d. 2-methylpentane
e. 2,2 – dimethyl butane

7. 2-methyl-1-propene is chain isomer of ….
a. 1-propene
b. 1-butene
c. 2-butene
d. 2-methyl-1-butene
e. 2-methyl-1-pentene

8. Which compounds are classified as chain isomers?
a. ethene and propene
b. 2-butene and 2-pentene
c. propene and 2-methyl-1-propene
d. 2 metil-1-propena and 2 metil-1-butena
e. 5-ethyl-2-methyl-3-heptene and 2,2,5,5-tetra methyl-3-heksene

9. 1-pentene and 2-pentene can be classified as ….
a. chain isomers
b. geometric isomers
c. positional isomers
d. functional isomers
e. structural isomers

10. How many isomers are there of C5H11Cl?
a. Five
b. Six
c. Seven
d. Eight
e. Nine

11. Cyclobutane and 2-butene can be classified as … isomers.
a. chain
b. position
c. function
d. geometric
e. optic

12. CH3CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH3 is functional isomer with ….
a. 2,5-heptadiene
b. 1,2-heptadiene
c. 5-methyl-1,2-hexadiene
d. 1-methyl-cyclohexane
e. 2-heptyne

13. What feature of the C=C bond in alkenes causes cis/trans isomerism?
a. Its weight
b. Its length
c. Its strength
d. The fact it cannot be broken
e. The fact it is difficult to rotate the bond

14. The following compounds have geometrical isomers, except ….
a. 2-butene
b. 2-methyl-2-butene
c. 2-hexene
d. 3-hexene
e. 2-methyl-3-hexene

15. What is the best name for the molecule below?
        CH(CH3)=CH-CH(CH3)(C2H5)
a. cis-4-methyl-2-hexene
b. trans-4-methyl-2-hexene
c. cis-4-ethyl-2-pentene
d. trans-2-ethyl-3-pentene
e. cis-2-ethyl-3-pentene

HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS

THE CHARACTERISTIC OF CARBON ATOM
Atomic number of carbon atom is 6, so the electronic configuration is (2,4).
Several factors make carbon essential to life.
1· The ease with which carbon atoms form bonds to other carbon atoms.
The strength of C C single bonds and the covalent bonds carbon forms to other non metals, such as N, O, P, and S.
2· The ability of carbon to form multiple bonds to other nonmetals, including C, N, O, P, and S atoms.
A few structural characteristics of the carbon atom.
Carbon is tetracovalent. That means that a carbon atom typically makes four bonds to other atoms and that these bonds are covalent--formed by sharing an electron pair between the two atoms joined by the bond. Such arrangements provide eight valence electrons for a carbon atom, so that it's electronic configuration is like that of the very stable noble gas neon. Similarly, hydrogen forms one covalent bond, oxygen two, and nitrogen three.
Carbon can form multiple covalent bonds. That is, a single carbon atom can form a double (to C, O or N) or triple (to C or N) bond to another atom. A double bond would involve two electron pairs between the bonded atoms and a triple bond would involve three electron pairs.
Bonds between carbon and atoms other than carbon or hydrogen are polar. That is, in a bond between carbon and oxygen or nitrogen the electrons are closer to the more electronegative element (oxygen or nitrogen) than to the carbon, so the carbon has a slightly positive charge. (Fluorine is the most electronegative element, and the elements close to fluorine in the periodic table are also quite electronegative.)
Bonds between one carbon atom and another and between a carbon and a hydrogen are non polar. That is, the electron pair forming the bond is quite evenly shared by the atoms.
We can predict the geometry of the bonds around an atom by using the idea that electron pairs and groups of electron pairs (such as in double or triple bonds) repel each other (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion--VSEPR--Theory).
ALKANES AND CYCLOALKANES
Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons. Those that contain as many hydrogen atoms as possible are said to be saturated. The saturated hydrocar-bons are also known as alkanes.
The Nomenclature of Alkanes
Naming branched alkanes. The nomenclature becomes more complex if the alkane branches. In such a case, there are several rules that you must follow to give the alkane the correct name.
1. Find the longest chain of carbons in the molecule. The number of carbons in the longest chain becomes the parent name (refer to the above table)
2. After finding the parent chain, you number the parent chain starting with the end nearest the first substituent (a substituent is any fragment that juts off the main chain).
3. Next, determine the names of all substituents. Substituents are named as if the piece were a separate molecule, except that the suffix of yl is used rather than ane. Thus, a two-carbon substituent would be an ethyl substituent (not an ethane substituent).
4. Put the substituents in alphabetical order (ie. ethyl before methyl) in front of the parent name.

ALKENES AND ALKYNES
Alkenes are examples of unsaturated hydrocarbons because they have fewer hydrogen atoms than the corresponding alkanes.
The IUPAC nomenclature for alkenes names these compounds as derivatives of the parent alkanes. The presence of the C=C double bond is indicated by changing the -ane ending on the name of the parent alkane to -ene.
The location of the C=C double bond in the skeleton structure of the compound is indicated by specifying the number of the carbon atom at which the C=C bond starts.
Compounds that contain C C triple bonds are called alkynes. These compounds have four less hydrogen atoms than the parent alkanes, so the generic formula for an alkyne with a single C C triple bond is CnH2n-2. The simplest alkyne has the formula C2H2 and is known by the common name acetylene.
The IUPAC nomenclature for alkynes names these compounds as derivatives of the parent alkane, with the ending -yne replacing -ane.
In addition to compounds that contain one double bond (alkenes) or one triple bond (alkynes), we can also envision compounds with two double bonds (dienes), three double bonds (trienes), or a combination of double and triple bonds.
ISOMERISM
Structural Isomerism
This isomerism shows that two or more compounds which have the same molecular formulas, have different structural formulas. For example, n-butane and isobutane (2-methyl propane).
Structural isomers have similar chemical properties but different physical properties. n-Butane melts at -138.4C and boils at -0.5C, whereas isobutane melts at -159.6C and boils at -11.7C .
There are 5 steps for drawing isomers:
1. Draw the main chain.
2. Draw the main chain minus 1 carbon, and add a methyl group to as many positions as possible. Never add the methyl groups to the end of the chain, and watch not to repeat structures (it's okay if you accidentally repeat structures, for they will be caught and discarded when you do step 5).
3. Draw the main chain minus 2 carbons, and add two one-carbon groups (two methyls) or one 2-carbon group (an ethyl) to as many positions possible, trying not to repeat structures.
4. Continue subtracting and adding groups in this fashion until you run out of carbons or doing so only results in repeated structures.
Give the IUPAC name to all the compounds you drew. If you accidentally drew the same one twice, they will have identical names, and you can cross one of them off.